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16 世纪的医师 P·A·帕拉赛瑟斯（P. A. Paracelsus,1493-1541）有一句名 言：抛开剂量谈毒性就是耍流氓。氧气是好东西吧？吸多了照样会死人。无论多么厉害的毒药，只要低于一定的剂量就没事了。比如说，如果有人把一小勺剧毒的**倒进游泳池，你仍然可以跳进去游泳，因为**已经被稀释到安全剂量了。
最近的海天酱油"大瓜"吵得沸沸扬扬，我觉得有两个问题我等吃瓜群众需要弄明白：
1、添加剂究竟对我们的毒害作用有多大？
2、是不是海天卖给外国的酱油全部0添加？如果是，那就是双标
关于添加剂，我专门查查外国有没有用，原来食品添加剂的英文名字叫做Food Additives（看来食品添加剂不是中国独有哦）。
What are Food Additives?
Many chemicals are added to food for their preservation and to enhance their appeal. These are called food additives.
什么是食品添加剂？
为了储存和提高其吸引力许多化学品被添加到食品中。这些被称为食品添加剂。
世界卫生组织对的描述（中文版）
https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-additives
世卫组织食品添加剂通用标准在线版：
https://www.fao.org/gsfaonline/index.html
Types of Food Additives
The different types of food additives used in food are:
Flavors and sweeteners
Antioxidants
Preservatives
Food colors (dyes)
Fat emulsifiers and stabilizing agent
Flour improvers antistaling agents and bleaches.
Nutritional supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.
食品添加剂的类型
食品中使用的不同类型的食品添加剂是：
香料和甜味剂
抗氧化剂
防腐剂
食品色素（染料）
脂肪乳化剂和稳定剂
面粉改良剂 抗氧化剂和漂白剂。
营养补充剂，如维生素、矿物质和氨基酸。
What are the Advantages of Food Additives?
Food additives improve the quality, texture, consistency, appearance, and other technical requirements of the food material.
Food additives are added to increase the shelf-life of the stored food or for cosmetic purposes.
Antioxidants, preservatives, fat emulsifiers, and stabilizing agents as well as flavor improvers, are used to increase the shelf-life of the stored food. Dyes, flavors, and sweetening agents help to improve their cosmetic value.
Food additives like nutritional supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and amino acids have unique health benefits.
With the help of food preservatives, seasonal crops and fruits are available throughout the year.
Food additives are used to lower the calories.
食品添加剂的优势是什么？
食品添加剂可改善食品材料的质量、质地、浓度、外观和其他技术要求。
添加食品添加剂是为了增加储存食品的保质期，或用于美容。
抗氧化剂、防腐剂、脂肪乳化剂和稳定剂以及风味改良剂，被用来增加储存食品的保质期。 染料、香料和甜味剂有助于提高其美容价值。
食品添加剂，如维生素、矿物质和氨基酸等营养补充剂，具有独特的健康益处。
在食品防腐剂的帮助下，季节性作物和水果可以全年供应。
食品添加剂被用来降低热量。
What are the Disadvantages of Food Additives?
Several additives can cause allergic reactions, gastric irritation, diarrhoea, rashes, asthma, nausea, respiratory irritation, risk of cancer, etc.
It may lead to hyperactivity and affect the nervous system.
Food additives sometimes destroy vitamins in the food, replacing real ingredients.
During food preservation, there may be a loss of nutritive value of the food.
食品添加剂的弊端是什么？
一些添加剂可引起过敏反应、胃部刺激、腹泻、皮疹、哮喘、恶心、呼吸道刺激、癌症风险等。
它可能导致多动症，影响神经系统。
食品添加剂有时会破坏食品中的维生素，取代真正的成分。
在食品保存过程中，可能会损失食品的营养价值。
Usage of food with high food additive may lead to weight gain.
Artificial colours may cause allergies and hyperactivity in children.
It shows potential cancer-causing effects.
Increased use of food additives leads to suppression in the immune response.
It interferes with hormones, thereby affecting development and growth.
It causes gastric irritation, diarrhoea, asthma, nausea, respiratory irritation, etc.
使用含有大量食品添加剂的食物可能导致体重增加。 人工色素可能导致儿童过敏和多动症。 它显示出潜在的致癌作用。 增加使用食品添加剂会导致免疫反应的抑制。 它干扰荷尔蒙，从而影响发育和成长。 它引起胃部刺激、腹泻、哮喘、恶心、呼吸道刺激等。
Some examples of chemical food preservatives are：
1. Sodium Benzoate: It is used to preserve fruit juices and squash as sodium benzoate is soluble in water. It kills the food spoiling microorganism. It is metabolized by the conversion of hippuric acid (C6H5CONHCH2COOH) that is ultimately excreted out in the urine.
What are Chemical Food Preservatives?
2. Sodium or Potassium Metabisulphite: it is used for preserving colourless fruits like apple, litchi, mango chutney and lemon squashes, etc. These react with the acids of fruits are juices and produce sulfur dioxide, which kills the microorganisms.
Salts of propanoic acid and sorbic acid are used as preservatives for controlling the growth of yeast and moulds in food items such as cheese, pickles, baked food, certain meat, and fish products.
举一些化学食品防腐剂的例子：
1. 苯甲酸钠：由于苯甲酸钠可溶于水，它被用来保存果汁和南瓜。它可以杀死食物腐败的微生物。它的代谢过程是转化为海马酸（C6H5CONHCH2COOH），最终随尿液排出体外。
什么是化学食品防腐剂？
2. 焦亚硫酸钠或钾：用于保存无色水果，如苹果、荔枝、芒果酸辣酱和柠檬汁等。这些东西与水果的酸反应，产生二氧化硫，杀死微生物。
丙酸和山梨酸的盐类被用作防腐剂，用于控制奶酪、泡菜、烘焙食品、某些肉类和鱼类产品等食品中的酵母和霉菌的生长。
What are Antioxidants?
Sulfur dioxide and sulfite are active as antimicrobial agents, structure modifiers, antioxidants, and enzyme inhibitors. Therefore, sodium or potassium sulfite and bisulfite are used in wine and beers, fruit juices, pickles, sugar syrups, and cut peeled or dried fruits and vegetables.
什么是抗氧化剂？
二氧化硫和亚硫酸盐作为抗菌剂、结构改性剂、抗氧化剂和酶抑制剂具有活性。因此，亚硫酸钠或亚硫酸钾和亚硫酸氢盐被用于葡萄酒和啤酒、果汁、腌菜、糖浆以及切开的去皮或干果和蔬菜。
hat are Artificial Sweetening Agents?
Saccharin (ortho-sulphobenzimide)
It is the first most popular artificial sweating agent. It has been used as a sweetening agent for many food items since 1879. It is 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one-1,1-dioxide and occurs as a white crystalline powder. It has a very sweet taste and is about 550 times sweeter than sucrose. It is excreted from the body in the urine unchanged. Its use is of great value to a diabetic person and people who need to control the intake of calories.
Dulcin
Dulcin was the second artificial sweetener discovered in 1884. It didn’t get market acceptability and was banned in 1951.
Aspartame
Aspartame is one of the most widely used artificial sweeteners. It is the methyl ester of dipeptide derived from aspartic acid and phenylalanine. It is about 100 times sweeter than sucrose. Aspartame is unstable at cooking temperature, and therefore, it is used as a sugar substitute for cold foods and soft drinks.
Alitame
Alitame is a high potency sweetness and is more stable than aspartame during cooking, but it is difficult to control the sweetness of the food to which they are added.
Sucralose
Sucralose is a colourless, trichloro derivative of sucrose. Its appearance and taste are similar to sugar and are stable at cooking temperature. It does not provide calories.
人工甜味剂是什么？
糖精(ortho-sulphobenzimide)
它是第一个最受欢迎的人工甜味剂。自1879年以来，它一直被用作许多食品的甜味剂。它是1,2-苯并异噻唑啉-3-酮-1,1-二氧化物，以白色结晶粉末形式出现。它有非常甜的味道，比蔗糖甜550倍左右。它随尿液排出体外，没有任何变化。它的使用对糖尿病患者和需要控制热量摄入的人有很大价值。
杜冷丁
Dulcin是1884年发现的第二种人工甜味剂。它没有得到市场的认可，在1951年被禁止使用。
阿斯巴甜
阿斯巴甜是最广泛使用的人工甜味剂之一。它是来自天门冬氨酸和苯丙氨酸的二肽的甲酯。它的甜度大约是蔗糖的100倍。阿斯巴甜在烹饪温度下不稳定，因此，它被用作冷食和软饮料的代糖。
阿利甜
阿利坦是一种高效力的甜味，在烹饪过程中比阿斯巴甜更稳定，但很难控制加入它们的食物的甜度。
三氯蔗糖
三氯蔗糖是一种无色的、三氯蔗糖的衍生物。它的外观和味道与糖相似，在烹饪温度下很稳定。它不提供热量。
在日本卖的海天酱油究竟没有添加剂？貌似不是：
留学Vlog | 突然发现国外版本的海天酱油也有添加剂：
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1yR4y197YX/
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IP卡
狗仔卡
发表于 2022-10-13 20:43
置顶卡
喧嚣卡
变色卡
显身卡
楼主
有没有一种可能，棕色的就是为了迎合消费者的心理而特意添加的棕色色素。
发表于 2022-10-13 21:42
